Microbe

Michele Swanson, Gemma Reguera, Moselio Schaechter, ... [et. al.]

2nd ed.

Washington, DC : ASM Press, cop. 2016

p. 10

Some of the smallest known microbes live in marine and freshwater environments. The smallest of all, designated "Candidatus Actinomarinidae minuta", has an average cell volume of about 0.013 xmixm³ (about 60 times smaller than E. coli!).

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p. 294

If so, the Cas system may have evolved to play a dual role in adaptive immunity and stress response.

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p. 574

The cell envelope of Geobacter bacteria is also loaded with metalloproteins called c-cytochromes, which help transport across the cell envelope electrons that are generated during respiration.

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p. 270

This simple flow of information, from DNA to mRNA to proteins, is commonly known as the Central Dogma of molecular biology (Fig. 10.1).

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p. 350

Each of the different MCPs within the array detects a specific attracant and/or repellent, and all of these receptors are integrated with the flagellar apparatus via the CheA sensor (Fig. 12.13).

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p. 352

The increased activity of CheA also allows it to phosphorylate and activate proteins (CheB) that counteract any methylation so the sensitivity of the chemoreceptors is maintained.

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p. 117

Speculate about a different life form (on an imagined planet) that might not satisfy one or more of the four principles of chemical processes known to all Earth life.

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p. 350

Integration of chemosensory arrays and flagellar motility. Chemicals that diffuse into the periplasm are recognized and bound by a specific MCP transmembrane receptor.

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p. 350

But feedback control is exerted by CheZ, a phosphotase that continously dephosphorylates CheY-P and returns the flagellar rotation back to the default counterclockwise condition.

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p. 678

Structurally similar pore-forming toxins, collectively known as cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, are deployed by a variety of other pathogens, including Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes (Table 24.1).

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p. 219

Chromosome Condensation and Segregation. [...] List proteins and factors that help structure the nucleoid and play roles in chromosomal condensation and replication.

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p. 548

When the normal, protective flora does not recover promptly, some patients are prone to recurrent infections from the opportunistic intestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile.

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p. 678

Structurally similar pore-forming toxins, collectively known as cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, are deployed by a variety of other pathogens, including Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes (Table 24.1).

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p. 425

Cocciodioidomycosis, in fact, is typically found among people living in the Western desert of the United States, because the spores of the causative fungus, Coccidioides immitis, survive well in the dust.

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p. 441

FIGURE 16.3. How multinucleated can you get? The many nuclei of the radiolarian Collosphaera huxleyi.

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p. 566

They include two ways to achieve the complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate (called nitrification and comammox, respectively) and two routes by which fixed nitrogen is returned to gaseous form (denitrification and anammox).

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p. 665

By increasing the fitness of S. aureus on the skin, the horizontal transmission of the S. epidermis ACME locus contributed to the emergence of community-acquired MRSA.

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p. 575

Thus, the conductive pili provide an efficient protective mechanism that immobilizes the toxic molecule far away from the cell envelope.

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p. 548

All microbiomes from a particular environment share a set of common loci, or core genes.

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p. 687-688

At the other extreme is the agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetti, a Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in the acidic lysosomes of mammalian cells.

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p. 442

Researchers analyzed the mutations that have accumulated in the cpn60 gene of the amitochondriate and mitochondriate eukaryotes, including the human version of the gene (see Homo sapiens branch in the phylogenetic tree), and found that all the gene variants derived from a common ancestor (the root of the phylogenetic tree).

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p. 292

One of the surprises revealed through genome sequencing was the presence of arrays of DNA repeats in the chromosome of E. coli K12. As more sequenced genomes became available, scientists observed that such arrays were common in prokaryotes, both bacteria and archaea. These arrays, designated CRISPRs, launched a new era in our understanding of horizontal gene transfer!

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p. 31

The frozen cells can then be imaged directly with a cryo-electron microscope (or cryo-EM).

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p. 699

Another fruitful strategy to decipher fusion pore formation is cryo-electron microscopy.

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p. 31

A technique called cryo-electron tomography (or cryo-ET) tilts the sample during imaging to generate a series of images that, when superimposed, yields a three-dimensional reconstruction.

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p. 31

A technique called cryo-electron tomography (or cryo-ET) tilts the sample during imaging to generate a series of images that, when superimposed, yields a three-dimensional reconstruction.

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p. 135

Furthermore, ATP can also transfer its high-energy phosphate bonds to other molecules such as GTP (guanosine triphosphate) and CTP (cytosine triphosphate), which then carry the precious energy load to drive other unfavorable reactions.

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p. 716

The astute bacteriology student will not be surprised to learn that cell-free supernatants obtained from virulent V. cholerae cultures contain filamentous infectious particles, now known as CTX phage (Fig. 26.4).

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p. 522

Cultivation-Dependent Methods. For over a century, microbiologists have relied on cultivation to identify the microbes in a particular environment.

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p. 526

Cultivation-Independent Methods. Given the challenges of isolating microbes in pure culture, how can we determine who is there? Cultivation-independent approaches have been developed that indirectly assess the abundance and taxonomic affiliation of microbes in environment samples.

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p. 277

Depending on the type of transposon, the transposase can cut the element and paste it in another location (the "cut and paste" mechanism) or make a copy to be inserted elsewhere (the replicative mechanism; Fig. 10.3).

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p. 324

The ability of enteric bacteria to ensure that a premium substrate, glucose, is utilized to the exclusion of lesser substrates is controlled (in part) by a global regulator called the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP or CAP).

La sigla no és neològica.

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p. 737

Because this molecule induces the elaborate pathway of biofilm formation, Y. pseudotuberculosis variants that lack functional PDE3, PDE2, and RscA have increased cyclic di-GMP and therefore make thicker biofilms.

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p. 153

In cases where the electron acceptor is the same chlorophyll that was photoexcited, the process is called cyclic photosynthesis (Fig. 6.15).

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p. 135

Furthermore, ATP can also transfer its high-energy phosphate bonds to other molecules such as GTP (guanosine triphosphate) and CTP (cytosine triphosphate), which then carry the precious energy load to drive other unfavorable reactions.

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