Microbe

Michele Swanson, Gemma Reguera, Moselio Schaechter, ... [et. al.]

2nd ed.

Washington, DC : ASM Press, cop. 2016

p. 644

The first dose of hepatitis A and Salmonella typhi vaccine triggered an immune response in the college student in Case 2 (Fig. 22.2).

---

p. 732

In addition to familiar illnesses, like diarrhea caused by foodborne Salmonella typhimurium or rabies acquired from the bite of an infected bat, alarming new diseases emerge from animal reservoirs, such as the 2012 outbreak of the severe respiratory illness Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).

---

p. 524-525

Another challenge to cultivation methods is that we simply do not know what conditions certain organisms need to grow. For example, an environmental survey carried out in the late 1980s identified very abundant 16S rRNA bacterial sequences in the Sargasso Sea that had no cultivated relatives. The group, collectively known as the SAR11 clade, was later found to be extraordinarily abundant in all of the planet's oceans, sometimes accounting for half the prokaryotes in the surface waters and a quarter of all in the deeper regions.

---

p. 31

The most commonly used scanning probe microscopes are the scanning tunneling microscope, which probes the sample's conductivity, and the atomic force microscope, which measures the force needed to keep the tip in proximity to the sample.

---

p. 655

The presence of two telling markers, the gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec), was probed by PCR.

---

p. 719

Why is cholera seasonal in the Bay of Bengal region? In contrast to Haiti's explosive, and unexpected, epidemic of cholera, seasonal outbreaks are endured each year by people living in the Ganges River Delta region of Bangladesh and India. Peak incidence of cholera disease typically follows autumn monsoon season, with a second wave in the spring; children are primarily affected.

---

p. 338

To cope with many of the stresses that originate in the environment (the stressor), cells employ a common signal transduction design: a sensor protein, often located on the cell surface or in the periplasmic space, senses the stressor and transmits a signal to a response regulator protein in the cytoplasm, which triggers the response (Fig. 12.1).

---

p. 680

Remarkably, although a variety of intracellular microbes are propelled by actin tails, including Shigella flexnerii, Rickettsia riskettsii, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Mycobacterium marinum, each species deploys a distinct mechanism to recruit host actin, indicating convergent evolution.

---

p. 530

The Holy Grail of methods to "fish" for microbes in the environment is, without a doubt, single-cell genomics. The goal of this technique is to separate and isolate a single cell directly from the environmental sample, amplify its whole genome, and sequence it.

---

p. 715

This foreign "pathogenicity island" carries not only the dreaded cholera toxin, encoded by the ctxAB locus, but also an enzyme called a site-specific DNA recombinase.

---

p. 250

However, while still being exported by the Sec machinery, the nascent proteins are bound by a chaperone protein (Skp) to prevent them from aggregating in the periplasm.

---

p. 40-41

Some bacteria have what is known as rough LPS, a type of LPS that lacks the O antigen and is, as a result, more hydrophobic than the smooth LPS varieties, which carry the O antigen portion.

---

p. 177

Specialized transporters. Special transport processes supplement the three main mechanisms described above. Perhaps the most prominent is the one that equips many bacteria, including important pathogens, to steal iron (Fe³⁺) from their mammalian hosts (Fig. 7.7).

---

p. 665

To thwart this assault, S. aureus produces a spermidine acetyltransferase, SpeG, an ACME-encoded enzyme that not only inactivates polyamines (Fig. 23.13) but also triggers other microbial pathways that promote survival and growth on skin.

---

p. 372

A sporulation septum then forms at a point about a quarter of a cell lenght, closer to one of the poles rather than in the typical mid-cell position. For this reason, the sporulation septum is called the polar septum.

---

p. 655

The presence of two telling markers, the gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec), was probed by PCR.

---

p. 665

Historically, S. aureus resided in the warm, moist nasal passages of humans, while its cousin Staphylococcus epidermidis colonized the skin.

---

p. 658

Still other virulence factors (staphyloxanthin, catalase, and alkyl peroxidase) protect this pathogen from being killed by reactive oxygen species within the phagosome.

---

p. 70

Furthermore, the water that surrounds cytoplasmic molecules creates a "buffer zone," or a space around them. This phenomenon, called steric repulsion, has un unsuspected effect: it establishes a dense network of void spaces throughout the cytoplasm that permits the circulation of solutes and small molecules (Fig. 3.8B).

---

p. 758

Much of the crops of corn in the United States, sugar cane in Brazil, and sugar beets in France are now directed toward bioethanol production, which brings up questions about the proper use of foodstuffs and land acreage for making ethanol fuel.

---

p. 444

The protists also have very different metabolisms and lifestyles. Because of this variety, to classify them scientists have resorted to complementary approaches that rely on morphological and metabolic features and phylogeny. Even with these many criteria, protists have been assigned to six "supergroups". The name "supergroup" is already cluing us into de complexity with in each group.

---

p. 30

However, almost miraculous recent technological advances have pushed back the limits of resolution of the optical microscope, permitting us to distinguish very small nanostructures even in living cells. We use the general term super-resolution microscopy to refer to these novel techniques.

---

p. 251

With the assistance of another chaperone (SurA), the Bam complex folds the protein and inserts it into the outer membrane.

---

p. 347

Bacteria and Archaea, having the advantage (unlike us) of 3 billion to 4 billion years of evolution, have also evolved strategies to permit "suspended animation"; i.e., the ability to come back to a metabolically active state, and to grow, after immensely long periods of quiescence.

---

p. 208

The RNA in the small ribosomal subunit (30S in prokaryotes, 40S in eukaryotes) recognizes and binds a protein-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) to initiate its translation; an RNA in the large ribosomal subunit (50S and 60S in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively) bonds incoming amino acids to make a peptide. (By the way, the "S" stands for "Svedberg units," the sedimentation coefficient of these particles when spinning in an ultracentrifuge.)

---

p. 739

The sylvatic cycle occurs between rodents and fleas in natural environments.

---

p. 497

There is one well-characterized instance of two animal proteins that originated from endogenous retroviruses: syncytins, which contribute to the development of the placenta.

---

p. 755

Such feats of genetic engineering are now subsumed under the term synthetic biology. Note the difference between synthetic and systems biology. The former's aim is to buid artificial biological systems useful for engineering applications,whereas systems biology is about the integration of the major activities of the cell using tools that include modeling and simulations.

---

p. 244

For many years, researchers have been able to replicate biosynthetic processes such as DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro. But they failed at confining these processes within a cell envelope in a manner such that a synthetic cell, self-sustained and able to grow and divide, is formed.

---

p. 244

What evidence would you need to designate the synthetic protocell as alive?

---

p. 520

Interactions in which two microbes feed together are called syntrophy and will be studied in more detail in chapter 21.

---

p. 674

Five of these patients had been hospitalized before contracting systemic listeriosis infections.

---

p. 755

Such feats of genetic engineering are now subsumed under the term synthetic biology. Note the difference between synthetic and systems biology. The former's aim is to buid artificial biological systems useful for engineering applications,whereas systems biology is about the integration of the major activities of the cell using tools that include modeling and simulations.

---