Microbe

Biochemistry

Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Gatto, Jr., Gregory J.; Stryer, Lubert

8 ed.

New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2015

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z  

 47 termes

E site  n.

p. 905

These binding sites are called the A site (for aminoacyl) and the P site (for peptidyl). The third tRNA molecule is bound to an adjacent site called the E site (for exit).


EF-G  n. (elongation factor G, translocase)

p. 909

Elongation factor G (EF-G, also called translocase) catalyzes the movement of mRNA, at the expense of GTP hydrolysis, by a distance of three nucleotides.

El sinònim translocase no és neològic.


EF-hand protein family  n.

p. 407

At cytoplasmic concentrations above about 500 nM, Ca2+ binds to and activates calmodulin. Calmodulin is a member of the EF-hand protein family. The EF hand is a Ca2+-binding motif that consists of a helix, a loop, and a second helix. This motif, originally discovered in the protein paravalbumin, was named the EF hand because the two key helices designated E and F in parvalbumin are positioned like the forefinger and thumb of the right hand (Figure 14.17).


EF-Ts  n. (elongation factor Ts)

p. 907

Released EF-Tu is then reset to its GTP form by a second elongation factor, elongation factor Ts. EF-Ts induces the dissociation of GDP.


EF-Tu  n. (elongation factor Tu)

p. 907

Rather, it is delivered to the A site in association with a 43-kDa protein called elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), another member of the G-protein family.


EGF receptor  n.

p. 413

Like the insulin receptor, the EGF receptor undergoes cross-phosphorylation of one unit by another unit within a dimer.


electrically polarized  adj.

p. 342

8. Most cell membranes are electrically polarized, such that the inside is negative [typically -60 millivolts (mV)].


electron transport  n.

p. 528

A 1.14-volt potential difference between NADH and molecular oxygen drives electron transport through the chain and favors the formation of a proton gradient


electron-proton transfer reaction  n.

p. 533

FIGURE 18.10 Coupled electron-proton transfer reactions through NADH-Q oxidoreductase.


electron-transfer potential  n.

p. 500

The electron-transfer potential of FAD is increased by its chemical environment within the enzyme, enabling it to transfer electrons to NAD+.


electrophoretic analysis  n.

p. 75

FIGURE 3.14 Electrophoretic analysis of a protein purification.


elongation factor G  n. (EF-G, translocase)

p. 909

Elongation factor G (EF-G, also called translocase) catalyzes the movement of mRNA, at the expense of GTP hydrolysis, by a distance of three nucleotides.

El sinònim translocase no és neològic.


elongation factor Ts  n. (EF-Ts)

p. 907

Released EF-Tu is then reset to its GTP form by a second elongation factor, elongation factor Ts. EF-Ts induces the dissociation of GDP.


elongation factor Tu  n. (EF-Tu)

p. 907

Rather, it is delivered to the A site in association with a 43-kDa protein called elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), another member of the G-protein family.


emerging drug  n.

p. 1050

FIGURE 36.25 Emerging drug target. The structure of a protease from the coronavirus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is shown bound to an inhibitor. This structure was determined less than a year after the identification of the virus.


endergonic process  n.

p. 542

Next, we consider how this process is coupled to the synthesis of ATP, an endergonic process.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane  n.

p. 916

Signal sequences mark proteins for translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane


endoplasmic reticulum stress  n.

p. 811

The ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to process all of the proinsulin and insulin becomes compromised, a condition known as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, an unfolded os misfolded proteins accumulate.


energy coupling agent  n.

p. 428

We see here the thermodynamic essence of ATP's action as an energy-coupling agent.


energy homeostasis  n. (caloric homeostasis)

p. 806

As for most questions in the exciting are of energy homeostasis, the answer is not well worked out, but recent evidence suggest that a group of proteins called suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) may take part.

El sinònim no és neològic.


energy-conversion pathway  n.

p. 451

Glycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway in Many Organisms


energy-coupling agent  n.

p. 428

We see here the thermodynamic essence of ATP's action as an energy-coupling agent.


energy-rich molecule  n.

p. 426

ATP is an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds.


energy-transducing enzyme  n.

p. 218

The molecular mechanisms of these energy-transducing enzymes are being unraveled.


enoyl CoA hydratase  n.

p. 651

The next step is the hydration of the double bond between C-2 and C-3 by enoyl CoA hydratase.


enoyl reductase  n.

p. 664

The bacterial enzym that catalyzes this step, enoyl reductase, can be inhibited by triclosan, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is added to a variety of products such as toothpaste, soaps, and skin creams.


ensemble study  n.

p. 242

Much that we have learned about enzymes thus far has come from such experiments, called ensemble studies.


enzymatic activity  n.

p. 358-359

The outer and inner surfaces of all known biological membranes have different components and different enzymatic activities.


enzyme activation  n.

p. 599

FIGURE 20.15 Enzyme activation by thioredoxin. Reduced thioredoxin activates certain Calvin cycle enzymes by cleaving regulatory disulfide bonds.


enzyme-bound  n.

p. 544

Isotopic-exchange experiments unexpectedly revealed that enzyme-bound ATP forms readily in the absence of a proton-motive force.


enzyme-bound reactant  n.

p. 279

Thus, the equilibrium constant between enzyme-bound reactants and products is often close to 1, regardless of the equilibrium constant for the reactants and products free in solution.


enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complex  n. (E-PMP)

p. 690

A second xalfax-ketoacid reacts with the enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complet (E-PMP) to yield a second amino acid and regenerate the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex (E-PLP).


enzyme-substrate binding  n.

p. 224

FIGURE 8.8 Lock-and-key model of enzyme-substrate binding. In this model, the active site of the unbound enzyme is complementary in shape to the substrate.


E-PMP  n. (enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complex )

p. 690

A second xalfax-ketoacid reacts with the enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complet (E-PMP) to yield a second amino acid and regenerate the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex (E-PLP).


equatorial bond  n.

p. 320

Axial bonds are nearly perpendicular to the average plane of the ring, whereas equatorial bonds are nearly parallel to this plane.


ER stress  n. (endoplasmic reticulum stress)

p. 811

ER stress initiates a signal pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR), a pathway intended to save the cell.

El sinònim no és neològic.


error-prone polymerase  n.

p. 846

Nonetheless, these translesion or error-prone polymerases allow the completion of a draft sequence of the genome that can be at least partly repaired by DNA-repair processes.


ethanol metabolism  n.

p. 820

Ethanol metabolism leads to an excess of NADH


eukaryotic cell cycle  n.

p. 844

The events of eukaryotic DNA replication are linked to the eukaryotic cell cicle (Figure 28.29).


eukaryotic promoter element  n.

p. 873

FIGURE 29.22 Common eukaryotic promoter elements. Each eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognizes a set of promoter elementsxguiollargxsequences in DNA that promote transcription.


eukaryotic translation initiation  n.

p. 912

In addition, the complexity of eukaryotic translation initiation provides another mechanism for regulation of gene expression that we shall explore further in Chapter 31.


excess fatty acid  n.

p. 810

Excess fatty acid in muscle modify metabolism


excinuclease  n.

p. 849

The 12-residue oligonucleotide excised by this highly specific excinuclease (from the Latin exci, "to cut out") then diffuses away.


expression cloning  n.

p. 149

Clones of cDNA can be screened on the basis of their capacity to direct the synthesis of a foreign protein in bacteria, a technique referred to as expression cloning.


extra arm  n.

p. 896

Five groups of bases are not base-paired in this way: the 3' CCA terminal region, which is part of a region called the acceptor stem; the TxpsixC loop, which acquired its name from the sequence ribothymine-pseudouracil-cytosine; the "extra arm," which contains a variable number of residues; the DHU loop, which contains several dihydrouracil residues; and the anticodon loop.


extracellular domain  n.

p. 983

The extracellular domain from human TLR3 has a remarkable structure that is representative of many other TLRs (Figure 34.2).


extrinsic pathway  n.

p. 304

Two means of initiating blood clotting have been described, the intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic pathway.