Biochemistry

Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Gatto, Jr., Gregory J.; Stryer, Lubert

8 ed.

New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2015

p. 905

These binding sites are called the A site (for aminoacyl) and the P site (for peptidyl). The third tRNA molecule is bound to an adjacent site called the E site (for exit).

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p. 909

Elongation factor G (EF-G, also called translocase) catalyzes the movement of mRNA, at the expense of GTP hydrolysis, by a distance of three nucleotides.

El sinònim translocase no és neològic.

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p. 407

At cytoplasmic concentrations above about 500 nM, Ca²⁺ binds to and activates calmodulin. Calmodulin is a member of the EF-hand protein family. The EF hand is a Ca²⁺-binding motif that consists of a helix, a loop, and a second helix. This motif, originally discovered in the protein paravalbumin, was named the EF hand because the two key helices designated E and F in parvalbumin are positioned like the forefinger and thumb of the right hand (Figure 14.17).

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p. 907

Released EF-Tu is then reset to its GTP form by a second elongation factor, elongation factor Ts. EF-Ts induces the dissociation of GDP.

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p. 907

Rather, it is delivered to the A site in association with a 43-kDa protein called elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), another member of the G-protein family.

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p. 413

Like the insulin receptor, the EGF receptor undergoes cross-phosphorylation of one unit by another unit within a dimer.

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p. 342

8. Most cell membranes are electrically polarized, such that the inside is negative [typically -60 millivolts (mV)].

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p. 528

A 1.14-volt potential difference between NADH and molecular oxygen drives electron transport through the chain and favors the formation of a proton gradient

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p. 533

FIGURE 18.10 Coupled electron-proton transfer reactions through NADH-Q oxidoreductase.

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p. 500

The electron-transfer potential of FAD is increased by its chemical environment within the enzyme, enabling it to transfer electrons to NAD⁺.

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p. 75

FIGURE 3.14 Electrophoretic analysis of a protein purification.

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p. 909

Elongation factor G (EF-G, also called translocase) catalyzes the movement of mRNA, at the expense of GTP hydrolysis, by a distance of three nucleotides.

El sinònim translocase no és neològic.

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p. 907

Released EF-Tu is then reset to its GTP form by a second elongation factor, elongation factor Ts. EF-Ts induces the dissociation of GDP.

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p. 907

Rather, it is delivered to the A site in association with a 43-kDa protein called elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), another member of the G-protein family.

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p. 1050

FIGURE 36.25 Emerging drug target. The structure of a protease from the coronavirus that causes SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is shown bound to an inhibitor. This structure was determined less than a year after the identification of the virus.

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p. 542

Next, we consider how this process is coupled to the synthesis of ATP, an endergonic process.

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p. 916

Signal sequences mark proteins for translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane

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p. 811

The ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to process all of the proinsulin and insulin becomes compromised, a condition known as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, an unfolded os misfolded proteins accumulate.

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p. 428

We see here the thermodynamic essence of ATP's action as an energy-coupling agent.

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p. 806

As for most questions in the exciting are of energy homeostasis, the answer is not well worked out, but recent evidence suggest that a group of proteins called suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) may take part.

El sinònim no és neològic.

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p. 451

Glycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway in Many Organisms

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p. 428

We see here the thermodynamic essence of ATP's action as an energy-coupling agent.

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p. 426

ATP is an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds.

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p. 218

The molecular mechanisms of these energy-transducing enzymes are being unraveled.

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p. 651

The next step is the hydration of the double bond between C-2 and C-3 by enoyl CoA hydratase.

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p. 664

The bacterial enzym that catalyzes this step, enoyl reductase, can be inhibited by triclosan, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is added to a variety of products such as toothpaste, soaps, and skin creams.

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p. 242

Much that we have learned about enzymes thus far has come from such experiments, called ensemble studies.

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p. 358-359

The outer and inner surfaces of all known biological membranes have different components and different enzymatic activities.

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p. 599

FIGURE 20.15 Enzyme activation by thioredoxin. Reduced thioredoxin activates certain Calvin cycle enzymes by cleaving regulatory disulfide bonds.

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p. 544

Isotopic-exchange experiments unexpectedly revealed that enzyme-bound ATP forms readily in the absence of a proton-motive force.

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p. 279

Thus, the equilibrium constant between enzyme-bound reactants and products is often close to 1, regardless of the equilibrium constant for the reactants and products free in solution.

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p. 690

A second xalfax-ketoacid reacts with the enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complet (E-PMP) to yield a second amino acid and regenerate the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex (E-PLP).

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p. 224

FIGURE 8.8 Lock-and-key model of enzyme-substrate binding. In this model, the active site of the unbound enzyme is complementary in shape to the substrate.

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p. 690

A second xalfax-ketoacid reacts with the enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complet (E-PMP) to yield a second amino acid and regenerate the enzyme-pyridoxal phosphate complex (E-PLP).

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p. 320

Axial bonds are nearly perpendicular to the average plane of the ring, whereas equatorial bonds are nearly parallel to this plane.

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p. 811

ER stress initiates a signal pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR), a pathway intended to save the cell.

El sinònim no és neològic.

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p. 846

Nonetheless, these translesion or error-prone polymerases allow the completion of a draft sequence of the genome that can be at least partly repaired by DNA-repair processes.

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p. 820

Ethanol metabolism leads to an excess of NADH

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p. 844

The events of eukaryotic DNA replication are linked to the eukaryotic cell cicle (Figure 28.29).

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p. 873

FIGURE 29.22 Common eukaryotic promoter elements. Each eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognizes a set of promoter elementsxguiollargxsequences in DNA that promote transcription.

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p. 912

In addition, the complexity of eukaryotic translation initiation provides another mechanism for regulation of gene expression that we shall explore further in Chapter 31.

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p. 810

Excess fatty acid in muscle modify metabolism

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p. 849

The 12-residue oligonucleotide excised by this highly specific excinuclease (from the Latin exci, "to cut out") then diffuses away.

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p. 149

Clones of cDNA can be screened on the basis of their capacity to direct the synthesis of a foreign protein in bacteria, a technique referred to as expression cloning.

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p. 896

Five groups of bases are not base-paired in this way: the 3' CCA terminal region, which is part of a region called the acceptor stem; the TxpsixC loop, which acquired its name from the sequence ribothymine-pseudouracil-cytosine; the "extra arm," which contains a variable number of residues; the DHU loop, which contains several dihydrouracil residues; and the anticodon loop.

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p. 983

The extracellular domain from human TLR3 has a remarkable structure that is representative of many other TLRs (Figure 34.2).

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p. 304

Two means of initiating blood clotting have been described, the intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic pathway.

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