Microbe

Biochemistry

Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Gatto, Jr., Gregory J.; Stryer, Lubert

8 ed.

New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2015

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z  

 43 termes

IDL  n. (intermediate-density lipoprotein)

p. 782

Lipoprotein particles are classified according to increasing density (Table 26.1): chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).

El sinònim no és neològic.


IF1  n. (inhibitory factor 1)

p. 554

Mitochondria contain an evolutionarily conserved protein, inhibitory factor 1 (IF1), that specifically inhibits the potential hydrolytic activity of the F0F1 ATP synthase.


IGS  n. (internal guide sequence)

p. 887

Analysis of the base sequence of the rRNA precursor suggested that the splice sites are aligned with the catalytic residues by base-pairing between the internal guide sequence (IGS) in the intron and the 5' and 3' exons (Figure 29.44).

El sinònim no és neològic.


immediate donor  n.

p. 432

ATP serves as the principal immediate donor of free energy in biological systems rather than as a long-term storage form of free energy.


in singulo method  n.

p. 242

This new in singulo method, examining one individual at a time, yields a great deal of new information but also illustrates a potential pitfall of studying individuals, be they students or enzymes: How can we be certain that the student or molecule is representative and not an outlier?


induced pluripotent stem cell  n. (iPS cell)

p. 947

An important application illustrating the power of transcription factors is the development of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.


induced-fit model  n.

p. 224

FIGURE 8.9 Induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding. In this model, the enzyme changes shape on substrate binding. The active site forms a shape complementary to the substrate only after the substrate has been bound.


inhibitor binding  n.

p. 236

In pure noncompetitive inhibition, the Ki for the inhibitor binding to E is the same as for binding to ES complex.


inhibitory factor 1  n. (IF1)

p. 554

Mitochondria contain an evolutionarily conserved protein, inhibitory factor 1 (IF1), that specifically inhibits the potential hydrolytic activity of the F0F1 ATP synthase.


initiation factor  n.

p. 907

Three protein initiation factors (IF1, IF2, and IF3) are essential.


initiator element  n. (Inr)

p. 874

The TATA box is often paired with an initiator element (Inr), a sequence found at the transcriptional start site, between positions -3 and +5.


Inr  n. (initiator element)

p. 874

The TATA box is often paired with an initiator element (Inr), a sequence found at the transcriptional start site, between positions -3 and +5.


insulin insufficiency  n.

p. 812

Metabolic derangements in type 1 diabetes result from insulin insufficiency and glucagon excess


insulin release  n.

p. 811

FIGURE 27.8 Insulin release is regulated by ATP.


insulin resistance  n.

p. 810

For reasons to be presented later in the chapter, this accumulation results in insulin resistance and ultimately in pancreatic failure.


insulin signaling  n.

p. 410

FIGURE 14.25 Action of a lipid kinase in insulin signaling.


insulin-dependent diabetes  n. (type 1 diabetes)

p. 808

Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning that the affected person requires the administration of insulin to live.

El sinònim no és neològic.


insulin-receptor substrate  n. (IRS)

p. 409

These phosphorylated sites act as docking sites for other substrates, including a class of molecules referred to as insulin-receptor substrates (IRS; Figure 14.22).


interatomic distance  n.

p. 7

Interatomic distances and bond lenghts are usually measured in angstrom (xangstrommx) units:


intercellular communication  n.

p. 389

Gap junctions are important for intercellular communication.


internal ribosome entry site  n. (IRES)

p. 912

In these mRNAs, highly structured RNA sequences called internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) facilitate 40S ribosome binding to the mRNA.


intracellular energy charge  n.

p. 625

Muscle phosphorylase is regulated by the intracellular energy charge


intramolecular hemiacetal  n.

p. 318

For an aldohexose such as glucose, a single molecule provides both the aldehyde and the alcohol: the C-1 aldehyde in the open-chain form of glucose reacts with the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal (Figure 11.3).


intramolecular hemiketal  n.

p. 318-319

The C-2 keto group in the open-chain form a ketohexose, such as fructose, can form an intramolecular hemiketal by reacting with either the C-6 hydroxyl group to form a six-membered cyclic hemiketal or the C-5 hydroxyl group to form a five-membered cyclic hemiketal (Figure 11.4).


intramolecular rearrangement  n.

p. 654

Cobalamin enzymes, which are present in most organisms, catalyze three types of reactions: (1) intramolecular rearrangements; (2) methylations, as in the synthesis of methione; and (3) the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides (Section 25.3).


intrinsic pathway  n.

p. 304

Two means of initiating blood clotting have been described, the intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic pathway.


intrinsic reactivity  n.

p. 194-195

Thus, the protein component of myoglobin controls the intrinsic reactivity of heme, making it more suitable for reversible oxygen binding.


intrinsically unstructured protein  n. (IUP)

p. 55

Our first example is a class of proteins referred to as intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs).


inverse PCR  n.

p. 151

Here, we shall consider one: inverse PCR to introduce deletions into plasmid DNA (Figure 5.24).


ion semiconductor sequencing  n.

p. 156

The protocol for ion semiconductor sequencing is similar to pyrosequencing except that nucleotide incorporation is detected by sensitively measuring the very small changes in pH of the reaction mixture due to the release of proton upon nucleotide incorporation.


ionic interaction  n.

p. 7

The energy of an ionic interaction (sometimes called an electrostatic interaction) is given by the Coulomb energy: E = kq1q2/Dr, where E is the energy, q1 and q2 are the charges on the two atoms (in units of the electronic charge), r is the distance between the two atoms (in angstroms), D is the dielectric constant (which decreases the strenght of the Coulomb depending on the intervening solvent or medium), and k is a proportionality constant (k = 1389, for energies in units of kilojoules per mole, or 332 for energies in kilocalories per mole).


IP3  n. (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)

p. 398

Some particularly important second messengers are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), calcium ion, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol (DAG; Figure 14.3).

El sinònim no és neològic.


iPS cell  n. (induced pluripotent stem cell)

p. 947

These iPS cells represent powerful research tools and, potentially, a new class of therapeutic agents.


IRE-binding protein  n. (IRP)

p. 955

This stem-loop binds a 90-kDa protein, called an IRE-binding protein (IRP), that blocks the initiation of translation as the IRE binds on the 5' side of the coding region.

El sinònim no és neològic.


IRES  n. (internal ribosome entry site)

p. 912

In these mRNAs, highly structured RNA sequences called internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) facilitate 40S ribosome binding to the mRNA.


iron center  n.

p. 753

Each R2 chain contains a tyrosyl radical with an unpaired electron delocalized onto its aromatic ring, generated by a nearby iron center consisting of two ferric (Fe3+) ions bridged by an oxide (O2-) ion (Figure 25.10).


irreversible inhibition  n.

p. 234

Reversible inhibition, in contrast with irreversible inhibition, is characterized by a rapid dissociation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex.


IRS  n. (insulin-receptor substrate)

p. 409

These phosphorylated sites act as docking sites for other substrates, including a class of molecules referred to as insulin-receptor substrates (IRS; Figure 14.22).


isoform  n.

p. 292

Isoform is a more generic term used when the protein in question is not an enzyme.


isomeric form  n.

p. 317

FIGURE 11.1 Isomeric forms of carbohydrates.


isomerization reaction  n.

p. 441

3. Isomerization reactions rearrange particular atoms within a molecule.


isotope labeling study  n.

p. 510

Isotope labeling studies have revealed that the two carbon atoms that enter each cycle are not the ones that leave.


IUP  n. (intrinsically unstructured protein)

p. 55

Our first example is a class of proteins referred to as intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs).