Biochemistry

Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Gatto, Jr., Gregory J.; Stryer, Lubert

8 ed.

New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2015

p. 414

In the GTP form, Ras binds other proteins, including a protein kinase termed Raf.

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p. 42

FIGURE 2.29 Ramachandran plot for xbetax strands. The red area shows the sterically allowed conformations of extended, xbetax-strand-like structures.

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p. 232

An example of a random sequential reaction is the formation of phosphocreatine and ADP from creatine and ATP which is catalyzed by creatine kinase (Section 15.2).

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p. 216

TABLE 8.1 Rate enhancement by selected enzymes

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p. 806

Adipocytes also produce two hormones, RBP4 (originally discovered as a retinol binding protein) and resistin, that promote insulin resistance.

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p. 323

Moreover, phophorylation creates reactive intermediates that will more readily undergo metabolism.

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p. 239

FIGURE 8.26 The reactive site of penicillin is the peptide bond of its xbetax-lactam ring.

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p. 853

RecA can initiate recombination by promoting strand invasion

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p. 933

This process is mediated by the E. coli RecA protein (Section 28.5).

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p. 526

The evidence that modern mitochondria result from a single event comes from examination of the most bacteria-like mitochondrial genome, that of the protozoan Reclinomonas americana.

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p. 143

Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are key tools in forming recombinant DNA molecules

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p. 854

Four molecules of the enzyme and two DNA molecules come together to form a recombination synapse.

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p. 436

The electron donor in most reductive biosynthesis is NADPH, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺; Figure 15.13).

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p. 96

This rotational motion results in an x-ray photograph consisting of a regular array of spots called reflections.

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p. 1012

Each molecule of muscle myosin consists of two copies each of a heavy chain with a molecular mass of 220 kDa, an essential light chain, and a regulatory light chain.

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p. 733

The specificity of adenylyl transferase is controlled by a regulatory protein P_II, a trimeric protein that can exist in two forms, unmodified (P_II) or covalently bound to UMP (P_II-UMP).

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p. 180

Repeated motifs can be detected by aligning sequences with themselves

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p. 145

In addition, these plasmids contain reporter genes, which encode rapidly-detectable markers such as antibiotic-resistance enzymes or fluorescent proteins.

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p. 529

Complexes I, III and IV appear to be associated in a supramolecular complex termed the respirasome.

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p. 815

The percentage contribution of each fuel can be measured with the use of a respirometer, which measures the respiratory quotient (RQ), the ratio of CO₂ produced to O₂ consumed.

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p. 971

FIGURE 33.21 Retinal-lysine linkage. Retinal is linked to lysine 296 in opsin by a Schiff-base linkage. In the resting state of rhodopsin, this Schiff base is protonated.

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p. 234

Reversible inhibition, in contrast with irreversible inhibition, is characterized by a rapid dissociation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex.

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p. 155

In the reversible terminator method, the four nucleotides are added to the template DNA, with each base tagged with a unique fluorescent label and a reversibly-blocked 3' end.

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p. 844

After this polymerase has added a stretch of about 20 deoxynucleotides to the primer, another replication protein, called replication factor C (RFC), displaces DNA polymerase xalfax.

El sinònim no és neològic.

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p. 714-715

Symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria invade the roots of leguminous plants and form root nodules in which they fix nitrogen, supplying both the bacteria and the plants.

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p. 868

The missing factor, a protein that caused the correct termination, was isolated and named rho (xrox).

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p. 569

Photosynthetic bacteria such as Rhodopseudomonas viridis contain a photosynthetic reaction center that has been revealed at atomic resolution.

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p. 541

Additionally, some prokaryotic cytochromes, such as cytochrome c₂ from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum and cytochrome c₅₅₀ from the denitrifying bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans, closely resemble cytochrome c from tuna-heart mitochondria (Figure 18.20).

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p. 873

At the transcriptional start site lies a TATA-like sequence called the ribosomal initiator element (rInr).

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p. 911

Transfer RNA and messenger RNA remain briefly attached to the 70S ribosome until the entire complex is dissociated through the hydrolysis of GTP in response to the binding of EF-G and another factor, called the ribosome release factor (RRF).

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p. 867

One set of control mechanisms depends on the remarkable ability of some mRNA molecules to form special secondary structures, some of which ara capable of directly binding small molecules. These structures are termed riboswitches.

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p. 591

The first step in the Calvin cycle is the fixation of CO₂. This begins with the conversion of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate into a highly reactive enediolate intermediate.

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p. 525

The most mitochondria-like bacterial genome is that of Rickettsia prowazekii, the cause of louse-borne typhus.

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p. 835

Thus, a lowering of Lk causes both right-handed (negative) supercoiling of the DNA axis and unwinding of the duplex.

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p. 873

At the transcriptional start site lies a TATA-like sequence called the ribosomal initiator element (rInr).

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p. 162

The siRNA is loaded into an assembly of several proteins referred to as the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which unwinds the RNA duplex and cleaves one of the strands, the so-called passenger strand.

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p. 792

Interestingly, ritonavir, although a protease inhibitor, is also a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450-3A4.

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p. 841

A new loop is then formed, a sliding clamp is added, and primase again synthesizes a short stretch of RNA primer to initiate the formation of another Okazaki fragment.

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p. 182

Comparison of RNA sequences can be a source of insight into RNA secondary structures

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p. 863

The length of the RNA-DNA hybrid is determined by a structure within the enzyme that forces the RNA-DNA hybrid to separate, allowing the RNA chain to exit from the enzyme and the DNA chain to rejoin its DNA partner (Figure 29.7).

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p. 162

The siRNA is loaded into an assembly of several proteins referred to as the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which unwinds the RNA duplex and cleaves one of the strands, the so-called passenger strand.

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p. 870

Ribonuclease III (Rnase III) excises 5S, 16S, and 23S rRNA precursors from the primary transcript by cleaving double-helical hairpin regions at specific sites.

El sinònim no és neològic.

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p. 815

The percentage contribution of each fuel can be measured with the use of a respirometer, which measures the respiratory quotient (RQ), the ratio of CO₂ produced to O₂ consumed.

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p. 911

Transfer RNA and messenger RNA remain briefly attached to the 70S ribosome until the entire complex is dissociated through the hydrolysis of GTP in response to the binding of EF-G and another factor, called the ribosome release factor (RRF).

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